Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger

The Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (NCX) is a critical membrane transport protein that plays a vital role in regulating intracellular calcium levels by exchanging sodium ions for calcium ions across cell membranes. This process is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, affecting muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and cardiac function. NCX operates in two modes: forward mode, where it expels calcium from the cell in exchange for sodium, and reverse mode, where it imports calcium in exchange for sodium, depending on the cell's physiological state. Dysregulation of NCX is linked to various cardiovascular and neurological disorders, making it an important therapeutic target for conditions like heart failure and stroke.